天目山生态学野外实习指导(天目山大学生野外实践教育基地联盟系列教材浙江省普通高校十三五新形态教材) 电子书 mobi pdf txt word 2024 下载

本书以天目山大学生校外实践教育基地为依托，基于生态学野外实习教学需求，在总结和归纳天目山多年来的生态学研究成果及野外教学实践经验基础上编著而成。从生态因子、种群、群落及景观等多个层面出发，以具代表性的研究成果引人基本理论和方法，遵选若干具有较强实践教学意义的综合性野外实习项目进行汇编，意在促使学生在野外实习中充分锻炼其实践创新与综合运用相关知识的能力，扎牢知识根基。本书可作为生态学、林学、生物学以及环境科学等相关专业的本科生、研究生野外实习教材和参考书，也可供相关领域专业技术人员参考使用。

序

前言

第1章 天目山自然保护区概况

1.1 区位条件和历史沿革

1.2 自然地理条件

1.2.1 地貌地形

1.2.2 土壤

1.2.3 气候

1.2.4 水文

1.2.5 生物资源

1.2.6 森林资源

1.3 社会经济条件

第2章 实习目的、要求与准备

2.1 实习目的

2.2 实习要求

2.3 准备事项

2.4 注意事项

第3章 生态学野外调查研究方法

3.1 主要研究方法

3.1.1 原位观测研究

3.1.2 室内受控实验研究

3.1.3 综合研究

3.2 主要取样技术

3.2.1 取样的一般原则

3.2.2 取样单位

3.2.3 取样技术设计

3.3 生态学调查研究的基本内容

3.3.1 生物资源调查

3.3.2 物种普查

3.3.3 种群调查

3.3.4 群落调查

3.3.5 植被调查

3.3.6 生态系统调查

第4章 光照、温度因子的测定

4.1 光因子

4.1.1 光照强度对植物形态的影响

4.1.2 森林群落中光照强度的测定方法

4.1.3 光质对植物生长的影响

4.2 温度因子

4.2.1 温度对植物生长的影响

4.2.2 森林对小气候温度的影响

实验1 森林群落内光照和温湿度的测定

案例1 天目山柳杉树干液流动态及其与环境因子的关系

第5章 森林土壤调查和测定

5.1 土壤取样方法及常规理化指标的测定

5.1.1 土壤的物理性质

5.1.2 土壤的化学性质

5.2 土壤剖面调查

5.2.1 剖面的挖掘

5.2.2 土壤剖面的观察与记载

5.3 土壤微生物测定

5.3.1 土壤样品的采集

5.3.2 土壤微生物的分离与计数

5.4 树木根系测定

5.4.1 挖掘法

5.4.2 整段标本法

实验2 土壤理化性质调查及分析

案例2 天目山常绿阔叶林土壤养分的空间异质性

第6章 森林水文过程的调查

6.1 森林水文过程

6.2 森林水文过程观测主要内容

6.2.1 样地设置

6.2.2 监测项目与方法

实验3 枯枝落叶持水性调查

案例3 天目山森林土壤的水文生态效应

第7章 植物种群生态学调查

7.1 植物种群空间分布格局

7.1.1 种群空间分布格局类型

7.1.2 种群空间分布格局研究方法

7.2 植物种群年龄结构与动态

7.3 植物种群静态生命表的编制

实验4 天目山柳杉种群年龄结构调查

实验5 天目山柳杉种群的空间分布格局调查

案例4 天目山常绿落叶阔叶林优势种群空间分布格局

第8章 植物群落生态学调查

8.1 群落的物种组成

8.1.1 群落调查样方面积的确定

8.1.2 群落数量特征的样方调查法

8.1.3 群落的命名

8.2 群落的结构与动态

8.2.1 群落生活型谱分析

8.2.2 群落动态的分层频度调查

8.3 群落物种多样性分析

8.3.1 d多样性指数

8.3.2 口多样性指数

8.4 植物群落相似性测定

8.5 群落种间关联分析

实验6 天目山森林群落生物多样性调查

实验7 天目山森林群落相似性调查

实验8 森林群落种问关联调查分析

案例5 天目山柳杉群落结构及其更新类型

案例6 天目山金钱松群落特征及其物种多样性研究

案例7 天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种生物量变化及群落演替特征

第9章 森林景观生态学调查

9.1 景观野外调查与观测

9.2 景观格局

9.2.1 斑块

9.2.2 廊道

9.2.3 基质

9.3 景观格局指数

9.4 景观动态分析

9.4.1 土地利用与土地覆被变化分析

9.4.2 景观模型

实验9 森林生态系统净初级生产力分析

案例8 天目山自然保护区森林景观格局分析

案例9 天目山林区土地利用和景观格局时空变化及驱动因素分析

第10章 课程综合实习部分

实习1 生态恢复与生态工程设计（8天）

实习2 林业生态工程规划设计（8天）

实习3 水土流失综合调查（2天）

参考文献

附录

附录一 天目山生态学野外实习注意事项

附录二 天目山生态学野外实习安全责任书

附录三 天目山常见苔藓植物、蕨类植物名录

附录四 天目山常见裸子植物、被子植物名录

附录五 常用景观格局指数汇总表

附录六 《天目山大学生野外实践教育基地》联盟章程

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书籍介绍

本书以天目山***大学生校外实践教育基地为依托，基于生态学野外实习教学需求，在总结和归纳天目山多年来的生态学研究成果及野外教学实践经验基础上编著而成。从生态因子、种群、群落及景观等多个层面出发，以具代表性的研究成果引人基本理论和方法，遵选若干具有较强实践教学意义的综合性野外实习项目进行汇编，意在促使学生在野外实习中充分锻炼其实践创新与综合运用相关知识的能力，扎牢知识根基。本书可作为生态学、林学、生物学以及环境科学等相关专业的本科生、研究生野外实习教材和参考书，也可供相关领域专业技术人员参考使用。

• 作者： 三難齋 发布时间：2022-09-29 11:46:39

  巧在找了一个非常恰当的切入点“训诂学理论”，总体架构在《简帛文献语义研究》的基础上做了调整。举前人例子的数量分寸把握很好，自己个人的补证或新见亦很充实可信。

• 作者： 白菜 发布时间：2024-03-28 13:46:58

  专业有深度

• 作者： 西凉白羽 发布时间：2024-03-10 11:54:30

  对中考语文现代文阅读各种不同文体的常见题型及答题技巧分类总结。虽然成书于多年前著名的教培机构，至今依然有用，很“干”的一本教辅。

• 作者： weijunding 发布时间：2010-01-16 12:33:31

  相比于Ross的随机过程，例子多一些，理论少一些，而且例子多为比较实际的例子；但是有些地方分得太细，比如poisson过程里面最后又分了很多小类，其实讲清楚了poisson过程后，那些小类都是自然而然的事情

• 作者： 劳尔冈萨雷斯 发布时间：2016-06-29 20:59:03

  儿时读的是老版。

• 作者： momo 发布时间：2022-01-17 17:32:23

  备考而看，作为教材要求不能太高啦……

• 知识管理方法再升级 |《精进3》中的3个aha moment

  作者：NJ安可 发布时间：2022-02-24 14:33:52

  期待阅读每3年一本的《精进》，像等忘年交来自远方的信。我清楚地知道里面会是采铜老师关于“知识管理、个人成长”的感悟和方法论，但每次还是不断被新的东西冲击。

  他太真诚了，倾囊而出每一个真实的体验，热情探讨与分享他的新发现，像是蹦着高跑到你家，敲开你的门说“快看我发现了什么，太神奇了！”然后滔滔不绝分享给你听。

  那种热情是会感染人的，所以看他的书常常被他点燃得热血沸腾的，想马上开启自己的试炼。

  他像一个知识的探测器，总能从浩瀚天地中找到矿藏，无论是属于物理学、生物学的矿坑，亦或是语文、设计的长川。他太擅于思考了，总能在知识与知识之间找到联结点，从而生成新的创意。

  我能从这本书中感受得到，无论他看什么方面的书，体验什么样的活动，都能带着一个问题思考——这个知识点或这件事，对我工作与学习不断地精进有什么启发？丰富的吸收与体验，加上他深入地思考，共同构成了这本《精进3》。

  在目前这三本书中，给予我启发大小的排序为：精进1＞精进3＞精进2。

  在这本书中，有三个让我眼前一亮的点，想谈谈我的体会。

  刻意练习并不适合所有人，你需要建立自己的学习体系

  从小到大，没人告诉我们到底要如何学习，就直接被扔进课堂，但好在所有课程都经过数年累月的教学实践，是有体系、有进阶的。我们只需做传送带上的一节，随波逐流，无需思考，也能按部就班达成应试教育的目的。

  但工作后我们要学习的东西不再具有体系，学校学的知识在工作中可能完全用不到，非常大比例的人群毕业后从事的并不是本专业工作。

  而职场要求的技能又是多样化的，与时俱进的，七年前的新媒体约等于公众号，五年前的新媒体意味着抖音……市面上招收的新媒体运营要求既要会写文案，又要会运营公众号，既要会写短视频脚本，又要熟练使用抖音和剪映，既要会修图，又要懂数据。

  变化的职业技能，不变的岗位。显然，我们必须找到高效管用的学习方法和途径，来应对随时迭代的职业技能的学习。

  前几年很流行的“刻意练习”，更加适合指导专注单一领域的学习者。比如钢琴家、棋类大师、运动员等。那么，对于大部分工作项目繁杂，角色多样的职场人来说，有什么合适的方法呢？

  采铜老师提出了“做自己的教练”

  1、提供课程，在课程中传递相关的知识和方法

  2、提供训练环节，让学员通过反复的训练来巩固技能

  3、纠正学习中的偏差，提供有价值的反馈

  4、设定学习的梯度，当学员在一个梯度上学成后，引导他进入到下一个梯度 这参考了学历教育的教学模式。当没有人按照教学大纲指导我们时，我们必须站出来做自己的老师。

  提供课程——

  偶尔的一节网课，一个相关专业公众号的推送文章，显然无法满足我们对专业的学习，因为它们缺少结构化。把每个技能单拎出来，寻找系统的课程体系来学习，才是正确的第一步。

  我自己的方法是从这个专业里比较好的大学官网找他们的课程表，看看想吃透这个专业，都需要学习哪些课程，再根据这些课程名称去找相关的网课、书籍、博客等，按照难易程度梯度排列。

  不想报班上瑜伽课，就从网上找来瑜伽工作室的课程表，然后按照课程名称在B站找对应课程视频，根据自己的时间设计适合自己的课程表，有体系地上课。

  “我们缺的不是资源，而是组织。把现有的学习资源结构化，就等同于给自己专门定制了一个课程。”

  训练环节——

  市面上的网课都会留课后作业，但大部分学习网课的人会选择放弃做作业。课后作业用来检验知识吸收的效果还是很重要的。除了网课，自己看一本书，学一类知识，都可以自行设计一些测验，并逐渐提高任务难度。

  喜剧作家梁左是这样来训练话题写作的——写《闲人马大姐》时，他每天随意翻到成语字典的一页，挑一个成语，以此为主题出发，开始写作。

  采铜老师在《精进2》中也提到过，可以运用王云五的“回译法”学习外语——先把中文译成英文，再看着译后的英文把它重新译回中文。

  前阵子火遍朋友圈的天才翻译金晓宇，自学外语的办法就是靠看原声电影，他先看带中文字幕的，看懂后做个纸条挡住字幕再看，直到完全听懂。

  词作人周耀辉写的《7749》，后浪出版的《642件可写的小事》，可以说都是练习写作的习题库。

  反馈——

  检验学习成果最好的方式就是高质量输出，并拿到众人面前来直面反馈。采铜老师举例说，他自己看完《手把手教你玩脱口秀》之后，想检验一下写段子和说段子的能力，就接受了朋友的邀约，真的去线下说了一次脱口秀。敢于接受大家的点评，才知道这件事是不是学明白、做明白了。

  而他写这本书，也是在检验自己对于“精进”的探索成果。他还特别提到了钱穆先生对于学问输出的看法。“

  出不能乱出，必须聚焦在一个点、一条线上，才能形成有价值的东西。

  不然会想《天龙八部》里的鸠摩智那样，学了很多很杂的武功，导致体内真气乱窜，走火入魔。”

  以“聚焦式的输出”为目标，才会形成“以终为始”的思考。

  一个人，一辈子研究红楼梦，或一辈子研究鲁迅，这种人“专读一书、一人、一家、一派”才最了不起。但如果一个人说，他研究中国历史，或者对唐诗宋词有所研究，那基本可以判定他是在吹牛的。

  就像陈晓卿说，写着“某某村小吃”的饭店一定比写“某某省小吃”的更正宗、更地道。

  所以招聘者们，如果真的想招到样样技能都会的新媒体运营，就要接受应聘者可能样样都不精才行啊。

  当然，

  最终在职场中解决问题，才是职场技能的最终反馈

  。

  一旦一门技能的学习被体系化，学习效率会提升，也会培养出自信心，从而快速地进入其他技能的学习。这是一个滚雪球的过程，当知识体系搭建得越来越有规模，我们也会变得越来越强大和不可替代。

  我们读过的内容真的都读懂了吗？说说“扫雷”读书法 ">

  我们读过的内容真的都读懂了吗？说说“扫雷”读书法

  太多时候，我们对于知识都只是一知半解了。心理学中有个SOLO模型，把理解分为了五个层次：

  前结构：

  对某个事物一无所知，或完全搞错了。比如不知道微波炉是什么东西。

  单点结构：

  只了解该事物的一个方面，通常是最浅的一面，比如该事物的名字、功能和基本操作。比如知道微波炉，知道它的功能是加热事物，也知道按哪个键来开启它。

  多点结构：

  了解了这一事物内部多方面的知识，但并没有把这些知识统合起来。比如知道微波炉所有功能的操作，但是不清楚它是如何运行的。

  关联结构：

  基于对这一事物各方面的了解，在更深的层面上把它作为一个整体来理解。比如，能完整说出微波炉的内部组成结构，并解释这一结构是如何相互配合以运行起来的。

  拓展抽象结构：

  在上一个阶段的基础上，形成一个抽象的新认识，可能与一个更大的背景相关联。比如基于微波炉的结构和工作原理的理解，能提出微波炉的改进设计的想法，或者适当改造以迁移到其他领域的想法。

  大多数时候，我们只停留在第一或第二阶段。在没有经济学基础的情况下，看一篇关于经济形势的公众号文章，字虽然都认识，但真的读懂了吗？我们和有经济学基础的读者，以及经济学家，看到的内容和理解到的东西，是完全不同的。

  对于专业以外的知识来说，我们获得的信息都是不同层级的散点式的，就好像偶然从某本书上看到了知识X、Y、Z，但因为没有学过A、B、C、D等基础知识，这X、Y、Z也只是一知半解罢了。

  所以采铜老师提出了“扫雷”读书法——

  第一遍通读，了解全书梗概，第二遍时，可以把你不懂的或不确定的词句拎出来搞清楚，每搞清楚一个词，就是扫了一颗雷。

  他举了这样一个例子，曾经读老舍的《四世同堂》时，被“景泰蓝”一词吸引，在他的印象里，“景泰蓝”是一种色彩绚丽的瓷器，但当他查阅资料却发现，景泰蓝是“铜胎掐丝珐琅”，主体是铜，是金属器，而不是瓷器。

  他进一步思考道，会不会有人和他一样误解了景泰蓝呢？于是他在朋友圈提问，果然发现很多人和他一样，以为景泰蓝是瓷器。

  他又出于好奇，想知道有没有作家也错用了景泰蓝呢？还真被他找到了——著名作家残雪的小说《迷惘》中就写道“她出卖的瓷器有碗、碟、杯子、茶壶、茶盘等，甚至有一只景泰蓝花瓶……”

  想起这几天在追电视剧《人世间》时，会到豆瓣小组里和大家一起讨论剧情。有个网友对导演及道具组选用的道具提出了疑问—— “昨天孙小宁穿马丁靴，今天蔡晓光穿踢不烂。还有骆士宾带周楠去吃饭，88年有这么高档的西餐厅吗？”

  

  关于西餐厅，我太有发言权了，原著《人世间》故事背景在哈尔滨，哈尔滨著名的西餐厅华梅西餐厅始建于1925年，这是我们专业导游词里的知识点，且华梅西餐厅的创始时间就写在门口的牌子上，往来在中央大街上常会看到。

  对于他提出的其他两个疑问，我也不确定，带着好奇，去查了一下资料，还真被我找到了。于是，我回复了他——

  “理性探讨：马丁靴出现在29集24分，据我观察只是系带的小短靴，材质不构成马丁靴。马丁靴是硬质的，战争时期医生给病人固定脚而发明的，就算它是马丁靴，网上资料标识，59年起马丁靴开始大热，军人和工人阶级穿的多。

  

  由于好奇，去百度搜了80年代老照片，年轻人穿这种小皮靴的很多，尤其北方寒冷地区，我小学时虽然是90年代，但冬天也是穿小皮靴，加绒的。

  1973年，一款名为Timberland的大黄靴诞生，也就是我们说的踢不烂。蔡晓光作为导演，走在时尚前沿，在八九十年代穿这个鞋也不为过。”

  

  如果我们看每部剧，每本书，都可以把疑问列出来，并一一寻找答案，一本书、一部剧能带来的力量就变得更大了些，而不仅仅是消磨时间的工具。

  当此路不通时，试着改变你思考的底层叙事 ">

  当此路不通时，试着改变你思考的底层叙事

  什么是“底层叙事”呢？采铜老师举了一个例子。当年轻人在憧憬爱情时，会说“找对象”“找到那个对的人”，这就用了一种“寻找”的叙事。但寻找本身是非常被动的，带着一个既定的标准去配对，有如大海捞针。

  而且，“寻找”本身有两个弊端，一是一旦找不到，不知道如何改变局面，会产生一种无力感。二是人的欲望是无止境的，即便找到了符合标准的，还会想找到更好的，永远对现在拥有的不够满意。

  他说，陈海贤老师有次参加恋爱综艺做嘉宾，现场两个不同类型的男女嘉宾走到一起，且非常融洽，陈海贤老师分析道：“这个女生对男生是非常包容的，她不是找到了对的人，而是用自己的欣赏和认可，把对方变成了对的人。” 这就是改变了原本的叙事，从“找到对的人”变成了“把对方变成对的人”。这种改变不是靠单方面的要求和期待，而是靠“欣赏和认可”，由被动变主动，也多了更多可能性。

  同理，找到自己喜欢做的事，找到人生目标、人生意义，都可以改变底层叙事试试。

  除了以上认知层面上令我印象深刻的观点外，在书的最后，我还被安利了用PPT来做笔记的方法。

  PPT是演示工具，这是它的显性功能，任何事物我们都可以去挖掘它的潜性意义。既能放置搜集来的图文资料，又能快捷地调整顺序，当我们要写一个主题的文章时，靠PPT来收集对应主题的资料，要比做卡片笔记方便，也比用文件夹或Word更直观。

  当然，全书还有包括提升专注力、调整认知负荷、克服拖延症等方面的方法论，希望你也能在阅读中获得有助于你的精进方法。

  

• 这个暑假读完后做的摘抄

  作者：avaricious 发布时间：2008-08-22 19:49:41

  The population of the world is rising very fast.

  I can't understand why he is being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.

  I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.

  Ow, I have cut my finger.

  The road is closed. There has been an accident.

  The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

  Have you ever eaten caviar?(in your life)

  Everything is going well. We haven't had any problem so far.

  I am hungry. I have not eaten anything since breakfast.

  It is the first time he has driven a car.

  This is a lovely meal.It is the first good meal I've had for ages.

  =============================================================0712

  You are out of breath. Have you been running?

  Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

  I have been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...

  Tim is still watching television.He's been watching television all day.

  Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.

  I've been learning English for a long time.

  How long have you been driving? Since I was 17.

  What are you doing this evening?

  Alex is getting married next month.(Do not use "will" to talk about what you have arranged to do)

  Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain.

  I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.

  ======================================================================7.17

  I've tried to advise her but she won't listen.(=somebody refuses to listen)

  I hope Carol phones this evening.

  I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.(After i hope, we generally use the present)

  Don't phone Ann now. She'll be busy.(=I know she'll be busy now)

  Don't phone me between 7 and 8. We 'll be having dinner then.

  Let't wait for Mary to arrive and then we'll have dinner.

  A: Will you be passing the post office when you're out?

  B: Probably. Why?

  A: I need some stamps. Could you get me some?

  A:Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

  B:No. Do you want to borrow it?(You can use will you be -ing? to ask about somebody's plans, especially if you want something or want them to do something.)

  Next year they will have been married for 25 years.

  We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

  =======================================================================7.18

  I haven't been able to sleep recently.

  My grandfather could speak five languages.(somebody had the general ability)

  The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.everybody managed to escape.

  They didn't want to come with us at first but we managed to persuade them.

  (talking about what happened in a particular situation, we use the two idoms above instead of "could" )

  I'm so angry with him. I could kill him!

  Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara.

  The situation was bad but it could have been worse.

  You did very well to pass the exam. I'm sure I couldn't have passed it.

  If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner(we use only "might" when the situation is not real)

  What shall we do? shall we walk?

  We might as well. It's a nice day and I don't want to wait here for an hour.

  What time are you going?

  Well, I'm ready, so I might as well go now.

  The buses are so expensive these days, you might as well get a taxi.

  (We) might as well do something=(We) should do something because there is nothing better to do and there is no reason not to do so.

  What do I have to do to get a driving licence?

  I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn't take me long to get ready. So I needn't have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.(本不需要)

  ==================================================================================7.19

  It was a great party last night. You should have come.

  It's 10 o'clock and he's still in the bed. It's time he got up.

  It's time the children were in bed. It's long after their bedtime.

  The windows are very dirty. I think it's time we cleaned them.(代表了一种抱怨和批评)

  Do you think you could(not "can") lend me some money until next week?

  Can I have these postcards, please?

  Can I have the salt, please?

  You look tired. I'll get you a cup of coffee.

  What would you do if you won a million pounds?(不可能的情况时用过去式)

  If you were in my position, what would you do?

  If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.

  It would be nice to have a holiday but we can't afford it.

  ================================================================================7.20

  Can I help you, madam? No, thank you. I'm being served.

  Let's go and see that film. It's supposed to be very good.

  I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15.

  The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30 but it was an hour late.

  You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

  You are not supposed to park your car here. It's private parking only.

  Mr Bond is much better after his illness but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work.

  Jill had the roof repaired.(=she arranged for somebody else to repair it)

  I think you should had your hair cut.

  Are you going to repair the car yourself? No, I'm going to have it repaired.

  George had his nose broken in a fight.

  Have you ever had your passport stolen?(Usually what happens is not nice)

  ==============================================================================7.21

  Unit52~Unit57

  verb后的各种形式变换。

  ==============================================================================

  I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday.

  I prefer driving to travelling by train.

  I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.

  Ann prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.

  Would you prefer tea or coffee? Coffee, please.

  Shall I stay here? I'd rather you came with us.(When you want somebody to do something, say I'd rather you did sth.)

  I'd rather cook the dinner now.

  I'd rather you cooked the dinner now.

  Do you mind if I smoke? I'd rather you didn't.

  She is used to driving on the left.

  I used to drive to work every day, but these days I usually go by bike.

  Have you succeeded in finding a job yet?

  They insisted on paying for the meal.

  I'm thinking of buying a house.

  I wouldn't dream of asking them for money.

  She doesn't approve of gambling.

  We have decided against moving to London.

  I'm looking forward to meeting her.

  She apologised to me for not telling the truth.

  I congratulated Ann on passing the exam.

  They accused me of telling lies.

  Nobody suspected the man of being a spy.

  What prevented him from coming to see us?

  The police stopped everyone from leaving the building.

  I forgot to thank them for helping me.

  Please forgive me for not writing to me.

  They warned us against buying the car.

  You can't stop me doing what I want.

  I was accused of telling lies.

  They man was suspected of being a spy.

  We were warned against buying the car.

  ================================================================================7.26

  There is nothing you can do about the situation, so it's no use worrying about it.

  It's no good trying to persuade me. You won't succeed.

  I live only a short walk from here, so it's not worth taking a taxi.

  I don't think newspapers are worth reading.

  People often have great difficulty reading my writing.

  I'm sure you'll have no difficulty passing the exam.

  It was a waste of time reading that book. It was rubbish.

  It's a waste of money buying things you don't need.

  I waste a lot of time daydreaming.

  She was too busy doing other things.

  Do you have much opportunity to practise your English?

  I'm going to Spain for a holiday. What would you like for dinner? Let's go to the pool for a swim.

  I'm going to Spain to learn Spanish.What would you like to eat? Let's go to the pool to have a swim.

  The knife is only for cutting bread.

  It is different to understand him.=He is difficult to understand.

  If I have any more news, you will be the first person to know.

  The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 6.50 to Cardiff.

  Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time.

  She is very intelligent. She's sure to pass the exam.

  I'm likely to be late home this evening.=I will probably be late home.

  I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

  I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested in buying it.

  I was interested(surprised) to hear that Diane has got a new job.

  Ask George for his opinion. I would be interested to know what he thinks.=it would be interested for me to know.

  ======================================================================================7.27

  Can you smell something burning?

  I found Sue in my room reading my letters.

  She is in the bar having a drink.

  A man ran out of the house shouting.

  Jim hurt his arm playing tennis.

  Did you cut yourself shaving?

  After finishing her work, she went home.

  (以上多用于写作英语)

  It was a good suggestion.

  It was good advice.

  Paris is the capital of France.

  Our train leaves from Platform 5.

  Have you got these shoes in size 43?

  (In the same way, we say: Room 126,Page 29)

  Unit77,the的各种用法。

  ========================================================================8.6

  a means of transport & many means of transport

  a species of bird &200 species of bird

  Twenty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery.

  Three years is a long time to be without a job.

  Six miles is a long way to walk every day.

  a swimming pool

  a three-hour journey

  a four-week English course

  a three-page letter

  It was a good idea of Tom's to go swimming.

  That woman over there is a friend of my sisiter's.

  It might rain. I'll take an umbrella with me.(not with myself)

  You must try and concentrate.

  Do you feel nervous? Yes, I can't relax.

  He got up, washed, shaved and dressed. But we say 'I dried myself'

  We spend all day/the whole day on the beach.

  =======================================================8.7

  The woman I wanted to see was away.

  The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very well.

  Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.

  They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer.

  Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

  The road joining the two villagtes is very narrow.

  I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

  Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with "T"?

  There was a big red car parked outside the house.

  Adjective like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They tell us factual information about age,size,colour etc.

  Adjective like nice/beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us somebody thinks of something or somebody.

  Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.

  Often we use quite with a positive idea and rather with a negative idea:

  She's quite intelligent but rather lazy.

  When we use rather with positive word, it means'unusually' or 'surprisingly'.

  These oranges are rather nice. Where did you get them?

  Ann didn't like the book but I thought it was rather interesting.

  ================================================================8.11

  Their house is about three times as big as ours.

  Ann's salary is the same as mine.

  Ann gets the same salary as me.

  Tom is the same age as George.

  He always says he won't be late but he always is.

  I've never done it and I never will.

  Even though she can't drive, she has bought a car.(not 'Even she can't drive...')

  I'll probably see you tomorrow. But even if I don't see you tomorrow, we're sure to see each other before the weekend.(not 'even I don't see you')

  Ann might phone tonight. I don't want to go out in case she phones.(=because it is possible she will phone)

  I'll draw a map for you in case you can't find our house.(=because it is possible you won't be able to find it)

  I don't think it will rain but I'll take an umbrella just in case.(We use in case for a smaller possibility)

  In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible.(=if there is a fire)

  In case of emergency, telephone this number.

  Provided/Providing(that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.(=she must study hard-if she does this, she will pass)

  ====================================================================8.21

  I regard her as my best friend.

  I'll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I'm there.(not 'while I will be there')

  Unite 120~127 At/on/in用法